PureWest - Conservation

Wolverines Warrant Endangered Species Protection

Jason Frey — Tue, 14 Dec 2010 17:12:00 GMT

The wolverine, the elusive mammal that biologists believe was wiped out in the continental United States before re-establishing itself in the northern Rocky Mountains, warrants protection on the endangered species list, the U.S. Wildlife Service said Monday.

However, the service said it is "precluded" from actually listing the animal because of more pressing wildlife issues in the United States.

The announcement was met with measured celebration from conservation groups that sued FWS to re-examine the wolverine's status last year after the agency had previously found it did not warrant protection under the Endangered Species Act. A Montana state biologist was more wary of a move to list the species.

In its finding, the FWS cited global warming as the major threat to the wolverines. Specifically, wolverines need deep snow to reproduce. Female wolverines dig elaborate dens in the snow to protect their offspring from predators and the elements, according to the wildlife service. Current data trends suggest the wolverines' cold and snowy habitat could be reduced 63 percent by 2099.

Around Bozeman, wolverines have been seen in the Bridger Mountains to the north and the Gallatin and Madison mountains to the south, according to data from the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks. FWP data shows the highest density of wolverines in the area has been observed in the Bridgers and Gallatins.

However, the animal is famously reclusive and difficult to study. Scientists believe fewer than 300 wolverines live in the contiguous 48 states.

In 2008, the FWS ruled the wolverine did not warrant protection, stating the population in the United States was not distinct from the more robust population in Canada. That prompted a lawsuit.

"We're quite relieved that a correction was made so that the Fish and Wildlife Service does find the wolverine to warrant protection," said David Gaillard, a Rocky Mountain region representative for the Defenders of Wildlife in Bozeman. "We're happy we corrected that. We're disappointed that it's not yet listed. We feel time is running out."

But FWS officials say the effects of climate change on the wolverine "are not imminent."

"As a result, the agency's limited resources must be devoted to work on listing determinations for species at greater risk of extinction," the service said in a news release.

Montana allows five wolverines to be trapped every year and has the most extensive data set on the animals of any state, said Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks biologist Kurt Alt.

He said wolverines by their nature disperse widely, but genetic studies have shown that wolverines from the Central Idaho, Greater Yellowstone and northwest Montana ecosystems interact and said the population is sustainable at current levels.

He said listing the species could frustrate efforts to relocate wolverines to states where they have been exterminated.

"I don't know what (listing) buys but shifting authority," he said.

Montana Landscape Architect: What Does the Bear Cross the Road

PureWest Blogger — Mon, 13 Dec 2010 12:49:00 GMT

By STEPHANIE SIMON

Landscape architect Robert Rock takes pride in talking to his clients to understand just how they'll be using the green spaces he designs. In his most recent assignment, however, he hit a roadblock.

"You can't ask elk what they'd like for dinner," Mr. Rock said ruefully.

View Full Image

The Olin Studio

A design from the Olin Studio in Philadelphia would cost about $12 million and span a six-lane highway.

Nor can you ask them what would induce them to nibble that dinner while strolling across a lushly planted footbridge spanning a six-lane highway.

Getting elk to cross highways safely—and encouraging lynx, bear, deer and bighorn sheep to follow suit—was the key challenge in an unusual global contest that concluded this month.

The ARC International Wildlife Crossing Infrastructure Design Competition asked engineers, ecologists and landscape architects to come up with an overpass bridge for pedestrians of the furry sort. The goal: to encourage wildlife to roam freely across their habitat—even when that habitat is bisected by a highway.

The five finalists, unveiled last week in Denver, designed multimillion-dollar bridges that aimed to tempt animals across with tasty foliage, green valleys, gentle streams and curved walls to block out noise and vibrations from the traffic below.

Critter Crossings

View Slideshow

The Olin Studios

More photos and interactive graphics

Mr. Rock, who is with Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates in New York, came up with a very wide bridge planted with strips of differing vegetation giving each species its own lane to cross in: pine-tree forest for wildlife that like privacy, such as deer; a section of meadow for animals that prefer more wide-open views.

For his part, David Rubin, a partner at the Olin Studio in Philadelphia, even included a wildlife playground of sorts, made up of toppled tree trunks, to attract the American marten, a beady-eyed weasel with a penchant for scampering among dead wood.

Designing animal crossings is not a new art; in the last decade, they have become common across the U.S. But nearly all the existing crossings are underpasses—tunnels and culverts built underneath roads and out of sight.

Florida, for instance, has built a network of concrete underpasses to ferry panthers safely across roadways. Glacier National Park in Montana boasts a tree-lined underpass for mountain goats. There are tortoise tunnels in California. And the town of Amherst, Mass., guides spotted salamanders, in their annual trek from burrows to breeding ground, through special culverts that protect them from getting squashed.

But though these projects have been successful, some animals, such as elk and deer, find underpasses dark and scary and won't use them with any regularity, ecologists say.

View Full Image

Janel Rosenberg & Associates

A bridge design extends to the forest on both sides of the highway

Meanwhile, car-critter collisions in the U.S. are on the rise, according to the Federal Highway Administration. Last year, 182 motorists were killed. The Western Transportation Institute at Montana State University puts the annual cost of such collisions at about $8 billion in medical and repair bills.

Seeking a solution, the institute invited designers from around the world to work up plans for a wildlife overpass bridge—common in Europe but rare in the U.S. Entrants were asked to design for a specific site, across Interstate 70 near Vail, Colo.

In truth, Colorado has no money to build a high-concept wildlife bridge. And the Vail location isn't a priority for animal crossings, according to Russell George, executive director of the state Department of Transportation. Organizers picked the site, rather, for its thorny engineering challenges—rough mountain terrain, heavy snow, six lanes of traffic plus bike lanes. Any design that would work there could be easily modified for other sites, they figured.

Organizers envision wildlife bridges built across prominent highways throughout the nation. Contest manager Rob Ament says the striking structures could become instant icons, symbols of the need for man to share the landscape with animals.

The trouble is, iconic bridges are pricey. One team that made it into the final round has estimated its span would cost $12 million. Another said it hoped to keep construction costs under $10 million. By contrast, a run-of-the-mill underpass might cost anywhere from $100,000 to a few million, depending on size and complexity.

The contest winner, who will earn a $40,000 prize, will be announced in January at a national meeting of transportation officials.

Trisha White, a director of the conservation group Defenders of Wildlife, says those officials must do more than ooh and aah over the entries; she would like them to work on keeping highways out of habitat in the first place.

Wildlife bridges are fine where habitat is irreversibly fragmented, Ms. White says, but "the bigger issue is those future roads....Can we please make better decisions on where to put them?"

Swiss Billionaire Puts $35M into Montana Conservation: Key to Plum Creek Conservation

Wade Dokken — Sun, 12 Dec 2010 18:09:00 GMT

We often do not connect the dots--between the preservation of our precious state and the reality that those who are attracted to come here to vacation, travel, recreate, and live part of their life, base their decisions on the high quality of our wild spaces and the abundance of our great wildlife resource. Big Sky's luxury buyers are also people who are keenly focused on helping to preserve the wild spaces of their new Montana home; whether that is at the Yellowstone Club, Big Sky, Spanish Peaks or Moonlight Basin.

By MATTHEW BROWN Associated Press

Posted: 12/12/2010 09:36:57 AM PST

Updated: 12/12/2010 09:44:51 AM PST

BILLINGS, Mont.—Philanthropist Hansjorg Wyss grew up in Switzerland and now spends the bulk of his time outside Philadelphia, but it is the wild landscapes of the Rocky Mountains where he could leave his most lasting mark.

In recent years the publicity-shy billionaire has quietly donated tens of millions of dollars to the preservation of pristine areas of Idaho, Nevada, Utah and other states.

Now, what appears to be his most ambitious project to date has come to fruition as conservation groups this month closed a deal to purchase vast tracts of Plum Creek Timber Co. land in western Montana. Backers say the deal—which included $35 million in donations from Wyss—could shield an estimated one million acres from future development.

In an exclusive interview with The Associated Press, Wyss, 75, said he first became enamored of the Rockies as a college student who toured the region in 1958. And he defended his actions against those who chafe at the prospect of an outsider buying up land that in some cases has been logged, ranched or farmed for generations.

"Look, these are beautiful landscapes," Wyss said. "There was controversy when Yellowstone (National Park) was created and when they declared the Grand Canyon as a National Monument. But there are areas in the United States that must be protected."

Wyss's fortune—estimated by Forbes magazine at $6.1 billion—came largely from Synthes, the medical devices company he

ran for three decades and still oversees as chairman.

He has donated to a range of causes, with the largest single gift apparently a $125 million donation two years ago to create a bioengineering institute at Harvard University.

But Wyss said the Rocky Mountains have offered a particular allure since he took a summer job with the Colorado highway department during a break from college.

He went on to Harvard Business School and founded Synthes USA in 1974, returning to the Rockies frequently over the last several decades to hike and climb.

"I know the West like my back pocket," he said.

Lots of billionaires and megamillionaires have come to Montana and decided to claim a piece of it as their own—from media mogul Ted Turner and software entrepreneur Tom Siebel, to former Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, who all bought ranches in the state.

While Wyss has a daughter in neighboring Wyoming, he has never lived in the region. And the land he helped buy in the recent Montana transaction will not become a private estate.

Instead, most of the 310,000 acres of former Plum Creek land are being transferred to the U.S. Forest Service and Montana's Fish, Wildlife and Parks Department. Because the land ownership was "checkerboard"—meaning the private property was interspersed with public parcels—its preservation will keep intact a much larger swath of the so-called Crown of the Continent, a region anchored by Glacier National Park.

The deal is one of the largest private conservation purchases in the nation's history. It was arranged by the Nature Conservancy and the Trust for Public Land and also involved $65 million from the state of Montana and $250 million from the U.S. Department of Agriculture lined up by Montana Democrat Sen. Max Baucus.

Nature Conservancy president Mark Tercek said it might not have happened without Wyss, whose initial $25 million contribution spurred participation from other donors. When extra closing cash was needed, Wyss chipped in $10 million more.

Montana Gov. Brian Schweitzer said he met Wyss several years ago, when the Plum Creek purchase was first suggested by conservation groups.

At a lodge in Condon, Mont., Schweitzer said he told Wyss and other potential donors that their names might not be remembered by future generations, but their work would be.

"Near as I can tell, he (Wyss) is a citizen of the planet that was interested in protecting some of its last best places," Schweitzer said.

Such praise is not universal.

Wyss's foundation has given $1.5 million to the American Prairie Foundation to build a grasslands reserve in eastern Montana where bison can roam free. The project has stirred deep resentment in surrounding agricultural communities, where it is seen as a move to boot ranchers from land they've stewarded for generations.

"The fact that they're coming from all over with these big bucks—who do they think feeds them?" asked Vicki Olson, a rancher south of Malta, Mont. "Their feeling toward us is they don't care that they are ruining our economy and our area."

Wyss said he is not opposed to cattle grazing on public lands, but said it must limited to protect the land from destruction. He said the biggest threat is when ranches are bought by developers, opening the door to residential "ranchettes" and golf courses in environmentally sensitive stream valleys.

As for why he's targeting his money in the American West, Wyss said it was too late to do much good for his native landscape in the Swiss Alps: "Too many ski lifts, too many resorts, too many hotels."

In Montana, he added, there is still room for grizzlies, wolves and other iconic species to thrive.

"In the United States, we have a chance to protect some of them, not only for Americans but for people all around the world to benefit," he said.

Moonlight Basin offers Avalanche Course

Jason Frey — Sun, 05 Dec 2010 21:01:00 GMT

Moonlight Basin Ski Patrol offers a comprehensive three day avalanche one class based on the American Avalanche Association's Level One guidelines. Coursework blends classroom and on-mountain learning.

Price - TBD

For registration and questions contact:
(406) 993-6026 or events@moonlightbasin.com

Old Faithful Visitor Center presents "Geyser's Galore!"

Jason Frey — Sat, 27 Nov 2010 20:24:00 GMT

Geysers Galore! Starts Dec. 15, ends March 15

As you wait to watch Old Faithful erupt, discover why Yellowstone has so many geysers. Look into Yellowstone’s restless geologic past (and present!) for a story that

includes volcanoes and earthquakes. Meet at the benches in front of Old Faithful. Talk starts 20 minutes prior to a predicted mid-day eruption of Old Faithful. Times

are posted daily at the Old Faithful Visitor Education Center. Free Program. 20 minutes in duration.

Yellowstone Park - Grizzly & Wolf Discovery Center "Afternoon Talks"

Jason Frey — Thu, 25 Nov 2010 20:21:00 GMT

Afternoon Talks at the Grizzly & Wolf Discovery Center

Starts Dec. 19, ends March 13

Join a park ranger for an illustrated program highlighting a fascinating aspect of Yellowstone’s natural, cultural, or scenic wonders. Weekly program descriptions

will be posted in the West Yellowstone Visitor Information Center and at the Grizzly & Wolf Discovery Center at 201 South Canyon Street. Meet at the Grizzly & Wolf

Discovery Center. Free Program, but there is a fee to visit the rest of the center, which is an educational bear and wolf preserve. 45 minutes

Yellowstone Park Activities - "Return of the Wolf"

Jason Frey — Sat, 20 Nov 2010 20:15:00 GMT

Return of the Wolf Starts Dec. 24, ends March 4

The northern range of Yellowstone has been a premier place to watch wolves since their reintroduction to this ecosystem in 1995 and 1996. Learn about the wolf’s

place in the ecosystem and how best to spot and watch wolves. A 20-minute talk will be followed by the hour-long PBS NATURE video In the Valley of the Wolves.

Meet at the Albright Visitor Center theater. Free Program. 11⁄2 hours, including video.

Featured Property - 471 W. Boulder Road, "Hawkwood" Montana by Jason Frey

Jason Frey — Fri, 19 Nov 2010 16:34:00 GMT

"Hawkwood" - 471 W. Boulder Road, Livingston, MT

It is truly a rare instance when an authentic frontier Montana landmark is combined with a discerning eye and an artist’s touch to create a home of uncompromising beauty and charm. These qualities are brought together and gently nestled in southwestern Montana’s West Boulder River valley at a former map dot known as “Hawkwood”. The cornerstone of this true Montana treasure, that has garnered editorial acclaim, is the record contained within the walls of the home and the discriminating touches used to elevate this historic artifact to a modern masterpiece.

The core of the home, originally built in the 1890’s and serving as the Old Hawkwood Post Office, was the center of activity in the West Boulder valley. It also served as a stagecoach stop, bringing news from the East and ushering travelers into their new lives in the Montana frontier and later found noble use as a school for the area children. The original walls of this community gathering place have been meticulously preserved and now find new life as the foundation of a stunning private residence at 471 W. Boulder Rd., Livingston, MT.

Views surrounding "Hawkwood"

Situated on just under an acre and surrounded by the highly protective West Boulder Reserve conservation easement, the home enjoys tremendous views up the valley, to Elephant Head and Lion Mountains, which are preserved in perpetuity. As an in-holding, this property benefits from all of the protection offered by the surrounding covenants while still maintaining the ability to operate independently of restriction. This combination creates a truly superb scenario of utmost security and flexibility.

Upon entering the home, one immediately takes note of the quality of finishes that are evident. From the custom made furniture, and period appropriate paintings and bronzes, down to the antique reclaimed floors and trim work. The understated elegance of the home is breathtaking. Immediate focal points to the center of the home are the hand-hewn rustic timbers that compose the interior walls. The markings made over a century ago are so distinct that they defy their age; you are looking at history and at the heart of Hawkwood.

Master Bedroom w. Hand-crafted bed and authentic Native American hand-painted buffalo robe

This custom home features three individual bedroom suites with an additional bunkroom for young residents or guests. Each suite has been completed to exacting standards and features Kohler Artist’s Series fixtures, stone tiled showers, custom accents and furnishings. The main floor master suite offers a cast iron whirlpool tub by Kohler, reclaimed cabinetry and a private entry from the exterior of the home. The second floor suite pampers its guests with a hand-crafted king size bed from which captivating views of the West Boulder River valley can be enjoyed and an on-suite steam shower; the perfect end to a day filled with active relaxation. The lower level suite features an antique soaker tub and direct access to the lower patio, one of several secluded places to enjoy the local sunsets.

The kitchen features hand-crafted cabinetry with stained glass accents and top of the line appliances. Transitions from the kitchen flow seamlessly to the formal dining room with its dramatic mountain views, and for those nights when dining al fresco is the flavor of choice, double French doors usher your family and friends to the expansive deck and unrestrained views of a Montana that preserved and natural. Hawkwood is the ideal place to combine your life with Montana’s style.

Gourmet Kitchen

Formal Dining Room

Welcome Home

For more information on this, or other Montana properties, contact Jason Frey.

All best,
______________________

Jason Frey

Agent

PureWest, Inc.

jason.frey@purewestproperties.com

http://www.linkedin.com/in/jasonfreylifewideopen

www.PureWestProperties.com

From PRweb.com - Montana Ranch for Sale is a "Gem" - posted by Jason Frey

Jason Frey — Fri, 05 Nov 2010 15:46:00 GMT

Ranch for Sale is a Montana Real Estate Gem in the Heart of Paradise Valley

The Montana real estate market now boasts a highly coveted ranch for sale. The majestic Bullis Creek Ranch, a property of unmatched beauty and wildlife in Paradise Valley, overlooks the Yellowstone River and the Absaroka Mountain Range. The property has wolves, elk, moose, bear, golden eagles, and both mule and whitetail deer. This is a fly fisherman's paradise and a nature enthusiast’s dream home.

View across Bullis Creek Ranch to Wineglass Mountain

Bozeman, MT (PRWEB) October 28, 2010

An iconic ranch for sale is a Montana real estate gem. Bullis Creek Ranch, located within the spectacular Paradise Valley, is listed for sale for $29 million by Jason Frey of PureWest Properties of Bozeman, Montana.

Forty-eight miles from Yellowstone National Park, Bullis Creek Ranch is a private landscape in majestic Paradise Valley. The 6,765+/- acre ranch remains essentially the same as when Lewis and Clark passed through more than two centuries ago.

If you're searching for your private sanctuary, your unique "big place" in the last iconic America, you've come to the right place.

The Lodge at Bullis Creek Ranch

Perched high atop a natural view corridor of the entire property; you'll find comfort at the 9,000 square foot Lodge at Bullis Creek Ranch. This beautifully designed and fully decorated log structure provides glorious views of Wineglass Mountain and the Absarokas mountain range. Complete with the highest interior finishes by Slifer Design of Vail, Colorado, it sits ready for immediate occupancy and can easily serve as a primary residence or occasional retreat. This home is located in the valley near the entrance of the property

In and around Bullis Creek Ranch are an abundance of naturalist offerings, world-class skiing, golf, fly-fishing and other outdoor activities. One's cultural appetite can be readily satisfied as the community is only half an hour from Bozeman and minutes from the arts haven of Livingston, Montana.

The Bullis Creek Ranch can be purchased as a complete parcel, or buyers have their choice of 160 acre and larger parcels. The proximity to the Yellowstone River, Livingston, Montana and the exceptional airport of Bozeman, Montana, make the Bullis Creek Ranch a unique retreat for discriminating Northern Rocky wilderness buyers.

For more information about the Bullis Creek Ranch for sale or further Montana Real Estate information, please contact Jason Frey at either 406.579.4582 or Jason(dot)Frey(at)PureWestProperties(dot)com.###

All best,
______________________

Jason Frey

Agent

PureWest, Inc.

jason.frey@purewestproperties.com

http://www.linkedin.com/in/jasonfreylifewideopen

www.PureWestProperties.com

Be Bear Aware: Play it Safe This Season While Hunting in Grizzly Country reposted by Jason Frey

Jason Frey — Wed, 03 Nov 2010 23:04:00 GMT

Reposted from: www.chronicleoutdoors.com

The general big game hunting season opened last Saturday with hunters across the state scouring the hills for trophy bull elk and white-tailed deer. But just as hunters are gearing up for the season, grizzly bears are preparing for winter hibernation.

It’s an unfortunate reality that occasionally hunters and grizzlies cross paths.

“Hunting season is a dynamic time of year when grizzly bears are putting on weight and hunters are in the field producing a food source with carcasses and gut piles,” said Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks bear management specialist Kevin Frey. “The bears want that food source.”

Frey said every year there are encounters between grizzlies and hunters that lead to potential human injury and bear mortality. FWP is encouraging hunters to be bear aware this hunting season by taking simple steps to minimize the chance of a grizzly bear encounter.

One of the most basic steps hunters can take to reduce the chance of an encounter is to field dress and remove game from the field as quickly as possible. That means having the proper equipment with you when you head out to hunt.

“It is the delay between shooting an elk and getting it back to your truck that can be dangerous,” Frey said on Tuesday. “If there is a delay of two or three days to get that done, there is a very good chance a grizzly is going to find it.”

Frey said a grizzly can smell a dead game animal from several miles away. During the hunting season, gut piles and carcasses are the preferred food source of Yellowstone-area bruins. The bears will even turn off other prime food sources such as whitebark pine nuts to search for gut piles during the season.

If you must leave game in the field, be certain not to surprise a bear that may have discovered it in your absence. Scout the area thoroughly before approaching your kill.

“Try to leave your animal in a place you can observe when you come back to it,” said FWP spokeswoman Mel Frost.

During the late summer and early fall grizzlies enter a period of voracious consumption known to bear biologists as hyperphagia. Hyperphagia is a physiological change that triggers increased metabolic rates intended to help bears put on weight before their winter slumber.

Frey said most grizzlies are coming off hyperphagia by the onset of hunting season, but that some grizzlies will continue to feed voluminously if they feel they need to put on more fat or if food availability remains.

As such, it’s important for hunters to be aware of food sources such as berries and roots that could appeal to bears, as well as the gut piles and carcasses hunters leave behind.

FWP research has indicted that grizzlies in search of gut piles respond to the sound of gunshots, Frey said. Using radio telemetry, FWP has tracked grizzlies travelling great distances to feed on game animals during hunting season.

“Bears are very smart and have a great memory,” Frey said. “They will return to given areas year after year if they know a food source is there. If it is fall and the elk are bugling and the campfire smoke is going and the trucks are there, those bears know what is going on just like we do.”

FWP estimates the minimum number of grizzlies in the Yellowstone area to be just over 600. Frey said the bear population has been rising steadily at a rate of four to seven percent per year since the late 1990s. Grizzlies now roam just south of Bozeman in the Gallatin Range.

Frey also said hunter-grizzly encounters have not risen significantly despite the bruins’ widening range, growing population and recent high-profile maulings.

“There is probably a slow rise in the number of bears and the number of hunters in their increasing range, but those tragic events in Cooke City and Wyoming are very unusual situations,” Frey said.

Frey said the expanding presence of grizzlies means being aware of bear sign is more critical than ever to ensure hunter safety. Evidence such as tracks, scat, torn logs, marks on trees and diggings can clue hunters to the presence of bears.

“Be aware of the environment you are hunting in,” Frey said, “from the creek bottom to the top of the forest.”

With recent snowfall and colder temperatures on the horizon, Frey said he expects grizzlies to begin denning for the winter. Grizzlies typically den at high elevations in timber on north-facing slopes. Frey said most bears will have denned for the winter by mid-November, but the possibility exists for grizzlies to remain active through December.

Through the first few days of the general hunting season there was a just single report of a hunter-grizzly bear encounter on the southern end of the Madison Range. The encounter between a grizzly and an elk hunter did not result in an injury. There have been other reports of bears observed feeding on carcasses and gut piles, but no other reported encounters.

Frey said part of the necessity for increased grizzly awareness can be attributed to the success of the grizzly bear recovery in the Rocky Mountains.

Montana’s grizzly bears were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 1975. The bear was listed due to a lack of biological information on the grizzly’s population status and habitat requirements.

While the grizzly remains threatened, Frey said the public’s help has been instrumental in the species’ rebound.

“It is not just the agencies,” Frey said, “it is the people that recreate and hunt in bear habitat that have made it a success. The public has been enormously important.”

FWP’s “Golden Rules” of hunting in bear country

• Always carry bear spray, have it close at hand, and know how to use it.

• Hunt with a partner. If you have to go it alone, let someone know your detailed plans.

• While hunting, pay attention for signs of bears. Look for fresh scat and tracks, concentrations of natural foods and scavenging birds.

• Most encounters are prompted by inadvertently surprising a bear. Hunters should mentally rehearse a worst-case scenario and think through various reactions.

• After making a kill, get the carcass out of the area as quickly as possible.

• When field dressing a carcass, keep your can of bear spray within easy reach.

• If you must leave the carcass for later retrieval, place it where you can easily observe it from a distance when you return.

• Do not attempt to frighten away or haze a bear that is near or feeding on a carcass.

• Follow all U.S. Forest Service food and carcass storage regulations.